ࡱ> %`  6bjbjNN N,,-%4hB4v$":"\\\7S _!"#"#"#"#"#"#"$X#h%G"77G"\\\"GGG\\!"G!"GGG\ &3vG!"r"0"G\&a\&GG&\&mg GuhgggG"G"dggg"$   HYPERLINK "http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=0000+0000+1202+1101"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/imgs/128x192/0000_0000/1202/1101.jpeg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  1968GaryA.Monroe Forest of Nisene Marks Field Trip The forest of Nisene Marks is undergoing a continuous process of change and growth. This watershed has been sculpted by natural forces such as earthquakes, landslides, fire and erosion as well as the human impacts from extensive logging. The park contains fossils and due to its location in a fault zone, you can see evidence of punctuated uplifting of the earth. Vegetation The Coastal Redwood, sequoia sempervirens, has inspired awe since first described to the world outside of the native Ohlone Indians. Most of Nisene Marks is covered with second growth redwood forest. Adhering to their name (ever-living), the majority of these trees sprouted from the stumps of first growth redwoods that were cut down. The park is also home to a variety of other trees such as madrone, tan oak, live oak, and Douglas fir. Mossy carpets, ferns and sorrel also flourish in this environment. The riparian zones consist of creek canyons, waterfalls, fern covered cliffs, and mossy rocks. A deep clear pool features juvenile steelhead trout preparing for their migration down Aptos creek to the ocean. You will also see alders, willows, and big leaf maples. Wildlife Due to the vast and rugged landscape, people seldom visit much of the 10,000 acres in the Forest of Nisene Marks. The most commonly seen animals are the stellar jay, banana slug, acorn woodpecker and brown towhee. The observant wanderer may see newts crossing the trail in the winter and garter snakes basking in the spring and summer. Mule deer, various hawks and owls, California quail and gray squirrels can also be observed while trekking through the park. Coyotes, bobcats and mountain lions are always present, but seldom seen. These animals are vital in the food web that allows for a healthy ecosystem. They are typically shy of human contact and do not pose a threat to you. A Dramatic History The peaceful redwood groves of the Forest of Nisene Marks State Park conceal a history of cataclysmic forces that shaped and re-shaped the landscape. Names such as Big Slide, the Epicenter, the Mill Site, and Big Stump Gulch offer a hint of the floods, earthquakes, wildfires and logging that influenced the parks history. The Ohlone Indians ventured into the Aptos Canyon to gather autumn acorns, but chose to live on the sunny, open terrace along the coast. The steep, heavily forested canyons also offered little to the early Spanish and Mexican residents who sought the grassy coastal terrace for their livestock. A Logging Haven Loggers began to work in the lower Aptos Canyon in the 1850s, cutting some of the smaller redwoods for shakes and lumber, but the large stands of redwoods in the upper canyons remained beyond the their technological and financial reach until the early 1880s. In 1883, backed by the huge financial and technical resources of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, the Loma Prieta Lumber Company unlocked the treasure trove of redwoods growing in the upper Aptos Canyon. Chinese railroad workers carved huge cuts and fills up the canyon, and by 1884 a standard gauge railroad was chugging along grades and across trestles high above Aptos Creek. A huge mill was built three miles above Aptos and a town beside it grew to a population of over 400 men and their families. For the next forty years, a succession of logging operations took out over 140,000,000 board feet of redwood. Forest Recovery By the mid-1920s, the loggers were finished, and most of the buildings and railroad lines were dismantled. The Loma Prieta Lumber Company offered the property for sale, but it was too rugged even for the most optimistic developers. Over the next thirty years the stumps resprouted and a second-growth forest helped heal the jagged scars left by the loggers. Eventually, the rugged property caught the attention of a Salinas Valley farming family that included Nisene Marks and her adult children. Between 1951 and 1954 the Marks family purchased not only the holdings of the Loma Prieta Lumber Company but also a number of adjacent parcels until they owned approximately 9000 acres. Following the death of Nisene Marks in 1955, her children decided to establish a state park as a living memorial. The result was the Forest of Nisene Marks State Park, founded in 1963. Since 1963, more than 1000 acres have been added to the park through the efforts of the Save the Redwoods League, the Sempervirens Fund and direct gifts. Though the forest no longer echoes with the sound of loggers and their equipment, it continues to be sculpted by natural forces such as the huge floods of January 1982. The epicenter of the October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was in the Aptos Canyon, and crevices and landslides are still visible on the canyon walls. Even today the steep canyons continue to protect the forest, surrendering their secrets to only the most persistent hikers and cyclists. Redwoods The redwood is the tallest and one of the oldest trees in the world ranging in height from 200 to over 350 feet and living up to 2,200 years. Over 100 million years ago, a dozen species of redwoods spread over western North America, Europe and Asia. The climatic changes over the past several million years dramatically changed the landscape and plant life, and only two redwood species remain in North America today: The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) (Bakker 1984; Kricher 1993; and Munz and Keck 1973). The coast redwood stretches along the northern California Coast from Monterey County to the southwestern corner of Oregon. The largest contiguous communities are found in Humboldt and Del Norte counties in California. From Sonoma to Monterey County, redwood stands tend to occur in small isolated groves, including those at our first field trip stop in Samuel P. Taylor State Park in western Marin County, California (Kricher 1993; Munz and Keck 1973). The redwood forest community has carved a unique niche, preferring a mild Mediterranean climate that includes dense dripping fog, north facing seaward slopes of the outer coastal ranges, minimal diurnal or seasonal temperature change, and moist, well drained soil. It requires high moisture levels and receives between 35-100 inches of annual rainfall. At the same time, it avoids salt spray and heavy salt laden wind, seeking the protection of the beach, dune and scrub communities from the harsh coastal climate. It also favors deep, wet canyon bottoms near streams and rivers, and thrives in flooding and heavy siltation (Bakker 1984; Johnston 1994; and Kricher 1993; Shuford & Timossi 1989). S. sempervirens ability to quickly grow a new root system near the surface of recent silt deposits offers an obvious advantage over other tree species. According to Bakker (1984), forest rangers frequently refer to the redwood forest community as "disaster climax forests" because it seems periodic "disasters" are required and preferred for their survival. Redwoods trees (Sequoia sempervirens) are also known for their resistance to fire as is evident by their fire scars, but still they are able to survive. They are protected by a very thick bark that lacks the highly flammable resin of other tree species. Young redwood seedlings prefer recently burned soil and develop rapidly in it (Kricher 1993). These distinct environmental and climatic conditions make the inland coastal range of California an ideal environment for S. sempervirens (Bakker 1984; Johnston 1994; and Kricher 1993). Populations All of the organisms of one kind in an area. Communities The populations of various species(all the organisms) living in a particular region or habitat. Characterized by the organisms present. Dominant species influential, most numerous, and/or the largest. Often the community is named after the dominant species. Example - redwood forest Redwood Forest The trees have a great effect on the community. They create shade which limits which plants can grow with the redwoods. Other plants must be shade tolerant. The redwoods are not a good source of food for animals. This limits the number of animals present. What determines which community is where? Climate Light Temperature Water Soil What to bring on the field trip: Flat shoes that can get muddy Long pants Water Sun screen, hat Insect repellant Something to take notes on/with. Watch out for this plant! This is poison oak. Note the three leaflets which make up the leaf. Many people have allergic reactions to the oil which it produces. If you come in contact with the leaves or branches, wash with cool water and soap as soon as possible and do not touch anything!  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://members.rogers.com/mulligan4520/images/Anac.1,%20western%20poison-oak%20(close-up).JPG" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Background Information: When you walk into a forest, what do you see? Can you begin to unravel and categorize the variety of information that surrounds you? The skills of careful observation and interpretation are necessary in order to discern the relationships among plants, animals and micro-organisms that live together in the forest community. The first observation skill is learning to ask good questions. Effective questions serve to focus your observations on only those things that might give you an answer. A clearer picture of the forest can emerge with the answers to just a few questions. For example, what kinds of trees are there? Are there a lot more of some kind than of others? Once some basics are established, observations can develop progressively and begin to probe more deeply into the subject. Questions can help. Determine the presence and influence of abiotic factors on forest life. For example, what is the soil like? Is this area dry or wet? Questions about biotic factors begin to show interrelationships. What signs are there of animal life, scat, tracks, and teeth or jaw marks on twigs, bark and leaves? The pattern progresses from a simple inventory to a look at some of the relationships between the parts. The answers to effective questions provide the first qualitative survey of forest life. Then, quantitative measurements can be made in the forest or by collecting samples of plants or animals for later study or identification in the lab. With proper preparation, the necessary equipment, and some good questions, a field trip can be both an adventure and an education. Information on the Forest of Nisene Marks from:  HYPERLINK "http://www.santacruzstateparks.org/parks/nisene/nat.php" http://www.santacruzstateparks.org/parks/nisene/nat.php. Redwood information from:  HYPERLINK "http://www.sfsu.edu/~geog/bholzman/ptreyes/tripredf.htm" http://www.sfsu.edu/~geog/bholzman/ptreyes/tripredf.htm. Poison oak photo from:  HYPERLINK "http://members.rogers.com/mulligan4520/" http://members.rogers.com/mulligan4520/. Redwood photo 1968GaryA.Monroe courtesy of CalPhotos. Forest field trip information from:  HYPERLINK "http://interactive.usask.ca/ski/forestry/activities/lesson_fieldtrip.html" http://interactive.usask.ca/ski/forestry/activities/lesson_fieldtrip.html. Other information from:  HYPERLINK "http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/pihl/fieldtrips/sunol/sunol_textonly.htm" http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/pihl/fieldtrips/sunol/sunol_textonly.htm.     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